Recently I read an interesting article by colleague-coach Steve Magness about the psychology of doping. He states as follows: \u201cResearch has linked the use of numerous supplements to acting as a gateway towards doping\u201d.
\nBut not everything that sounds obvious or logical is true. In order for this statement to be true, cause and effect must be clearly established\u2026..and they just are not! The use of supplements does not automatically lead to the use of doping for quite a few reasons.<\/p>\n
The often used \u201cgateway theory\u201d, in former days called the \u201cstepping stone theory\u2019, is mildly stated, far from established. Addiction expert Denise Kandel states: “It doesn\u2019t mean that because you start with tobacco, you\u2019re going to become a heroin addict. That\u2019s completely false reasoning. Many people start smoking. Only a few go on to use heroin. Use of a drug at a lower stage may be a necessary but not a sufficient condition for progressing to a higher stage”.<\/p>\n
The definition of nutritional supplements and of doping, and the difference between them, is arbitrary. The many changes in the banned list show this. A few examples. Alcohol is on the banned list for some sports, so it is part of everyday nutrition, a supplement, a social drug, a hard drug (think Saudi-Arabia), a medicine or is it doping? Alcohol is also an good example of a substance where the gateway theory does not hold. The best example? One of the biggest biological and social experiments ever staged: the Prohibition in the US.<\/p>\n
Interestingly enough, during the Prohibition, the use of alcohol increased, instead of decreased. And so did the relative amount of alcohol-related deaths and organized crime. Alcohol-related deaths, that is what it is called, but in fact those deaths were not related to ethanol, but to the toxic methanol, the chemical produced during the production of alcohol through the improper and inadequate production process by illegal bootleggers. The taste or the attractiveness of alcohol as a substance did not change during the prohibition. The old saying that the forbidden fruit tastes sweeter certainly holds true for alcohol.<\/p>\n
The idea that nutritional supplements are a gateway to doping use certainly raises more questions. For instance, the fact that most of the world\u2019s population has been supplemented with nutritional supplements one way or another, knowingly or not: iodine in salt, vitamin A and D in butter, iron in cornflakes and I\u2019ll never forget the spoonful of cod liver oil and the sour-tasting 50 mg vitamin C tablets I had to take in wintertime. Would this really mean a step towards the use of doping?<\/p>\n
And what about one of the most effective performance enhancing agents in existence, coffee? Again, is it a social drug, a poison, a nutritional substance , or a PED?
\nResearch is clear: caffeine improves performance on many levels, so for sure it is a doping agent for that matter, but it\u2019s not on the list. Yes, it was, but taken of the list as fast as it appeared. Nowadays some athletes test positive for substances that are on the list, like geranamine, but with much less proven effectiveness than two cups of strong coffee. Also we find banned substances in normal food, stuff like synephrine. Yes, orange marmalade should be on the banned list.<\/p>\n
And according to some people, creatine should be on the banned list too, since it\u2019s performance enhancing properties are without any doubt. This would also mean an end to the consumption of steaks and fish. Creatine is a fuel to the body, is produced by the body itself and should be taken in a somewhat higher dose to take effect.
\nAnd following this line of thinking: the same can be said of carbohydrates, so pasta-parties before a marathon should also be banned. Would eating two-three plates of pasta before marathon also be considered to be a gateway do doping? Let\u2019s get real here.<\/p>\n
This is the catch: the whole concept cannot be taken serious for several reasons, one of them is that the list states that a substance only has to be potentially performance enhancing, isn\u2019t that an interesting concept?<\/p>\n
Doping is about cheating, to beat your opponent in an illegal way, at least that is one of the main conclusions of Steve Magness\u2019 article.
\nYes, sometimes it is, but most of the time it\u2019s not. This could explain why thousands of recreational athletes and fitness participants use performance enhancing drugs. Not to beat somebody else, since there is nobody to beat and nothing to win. I also think that athletes still would use performance enhancing drugs if they were the only athletes in the world or running 100 meters against the clock, or throwing the discus, without any other competitors around to beat. Just from pure curiosity, just to see how fast your body can sprint or how far you can throw or jump.
\nWell, one can say, but it\u2019s not the \u201creal, natural\u201d you running that fast or throwing that far. But there isn\u2019t something like the real or natural you. The moment you start training you drift away from your natural untrained \u201cgift\u201d or \u201cpure talent\u201d.<\/p>\n
Anyway who cares about that anyway, not the millions of people taking anti-depressants, anxiolytics or sleeping pills, not willing to accept the natural limitations of their organisms. You are unhappy, but the pills make you artificially happy, how can you be happy with that?<\/p>\n
Not accepting our natural limitations is one of the main characteristics of mankind! How many people don\u2019t take sleeping pills when they can\u2019t sleep, drink coffee to stay awake, smoke a joint or take a drink to relax. If you think about it, a lot of our activities are geared towards manipulating our environment and ourselves. Just because we just cannot deal with the limitations or the limited resources Mother Nature is presenting to us. We use antidepressants, Viagra, (cosmetic) surgery, weight-loss product \u2013 the list is long.
\nMountaineers taking oxygen bottles to climb the Everest or K2? Or taking oxygen bottles for diving? What makes you think athletes are different, that they are less inclined to manipulate their limitations or have higher moral values than the average person? Without people who explore, without people who go beyond, without people who look for the edge, we probably would not exist. Explorers, designers, inventors or visionaries do not accept limitations.
\nI agree with George Bernard Shaw, who wrote: \u201cThe reasonable man adapts himself to the world: the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man\u201d.<\/p>\n
Why aren\u2019t anti-inflammatories and painkillers on the banned list? Many athletes would not even be able to train leave alone to compete or to win, without using them. Again, it is to overcome the natural barrier, pain in this case. Pain indicates a risk for damage to the organism. And since one cannot accept that fact, one takes them. But it is legal.
\nJust as taking thyroid medication is, as is shown very recently.<\/p>\n
Questions, questions, but no answers: why is marihuana on the banned list and is alcohol not. If there is one tip I would give my opponents in any sport: smoke marihuana, one of the most ergolytic substances known to man, one becomes mellow and giggly, not sharp and strong.
\nAnd as far as acute or chronic damage for your health is concerned: alcohol beats marihuana all the time.<\/p>\n
Is taking drugs the only way to \u201ccheat\u201d ? Certainly not, if I am the 5th athlete in my country in my sport and only the first three go to the Olympics, (in other words: I am not good enough) I can change my nationality or arrange another country to change my nationality. And when necessary one could change ones family name too. Bypassing the rules in a completely legal way.<\/p>\n
Or you could change you date of birth, this way a 24 year athlete will beat the 17 and 18 years old competitors. I met to a world champion of 28 years, married and two children, who just the year before became the best of the world in his junior \u201ccalendar-age 18\u201d group. Is that cheating or what? Risk of detection: none, sanction: none.<\/p>\n
Masters: some athletes feel the drive to compete long after their prime years: the Masters. But aging comes with an almost inevitable loss of health, so especially in older age groups, these athletes have to take medications for their health. Unfortunately for them many of those medications are on the banned list: diuretics, insulin, beta-blockers, some of them have testosterone replacement therapy, others use Viagra, the list is long. But \u2026 are they trying to cheat or should they accept the fact that they are aging and stop exercising at a competitive level?<\/p>\n
Don\u2019t change your mind, but sometimes one has to consider the more sides of an issue in order to take a good point of view.<\/p>\n